Olle Selinus, PhD
Former geologist at the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), and now Associated Professor at Linneaus University in Kalmar, Sweden. Board member of CONEM.
Medical geology is the science dealing with the influence of geology on the distribution of health in humans and animals. Medical geology is a rapidly growing discipline that has the potential of helping medical and public health communities all over the world pursue a wide range of environmental and naturally induced health issues. Medical geology brings together geoscientists and medical/public health researchers to address health problems caused, or exacerbated by geological materials (rocks, minerals, atmospheric dust, and water) and processes. Among the environmental health problems that geoscientists are working on in collaboration with the medical and public health community are: exposure to toxic levels of trace essential and non-essential elements such as arsenic and mercury; trace element deficiencies; exposure to natural dusts and to radioactivity; naturally occurring organic compounds in drinking water; volcanic emissions, etc.
Among the medical geology described are examples of both deficiency and toxicity of trace element exposure. Goiter is a widespread and serious health problem in many developing countries caused by deficiency of iodine. Deficiency of selenium in soil is the principal cause of juvenile cardiomyopathy and muscular abnormalities. Overexposure to arsenic is one of the most widespread medical geology problems affecting more than one hundred million people in Bangladesh, India, China, Europe, Africa and North and South America. The arsenic exposure is primarily due to naturally high levels in groundwater, but combustion of mineralized coal has also caused arsenic poisoning in several developing countries. Dental and skeletal fluorosis also impacts the health of millions of people around the world and is due to naturally high concentrations in drinking water and, to a lesser extent, coal combustion. Other medical geology issues described include geophagia in developing countries, exposure to radon, natural global dusts and ingestion of high concentrations of organic compounds in drinking water.
Promotion of medical geology under ICSU, UNESCO etc, under leadership from Sweden, has been carried out at meetings in many countries, organization and sponsoring of symposia on medical geology and also providing financial support for students and professionals to participate. Short courses have been presented in almost 45 countries since 2001, attended by thousands of students and professionals with backgrounds in geoscience, biomedical/public health science, enviromental science, chemistry, etc.
The International Medical Geology Association (IMGA) was established in January 2006. This was done from Sweden. Every second year IMGA has an international conference. The next will be in Portugal July 2015. Information can be found on the website http://www.medicalgeology.org.
References
Selinus O, ed. Medicinsk geologi. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 2010.
Selinus O, Finkelman B, Centeno J, eds. Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.
Selinus O, Alloway B, Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley P, eds. Essentials of Medical Geology: Revised Edition. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013.